Titration Case

Titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution. Typically, the titrant (the know solution) is added from a buret to a known quantity of the analyte (the unknown solution) until the reaction is complete. Knowing the volume of titrant added allows the determination of the concentration of the unknown. Often, an indicator is used to usually signal the end of the reaction, the endpoint.The accuracy of the results of your titration will be a reflection of the care you took while performing it. When done carefully, titrations give very accurate, precise results. Before performing a titration, you should familiarize yourself with the proper cleaning procedures and use of the equipment you will be using.

Titrations of unknown solutions are done in two steps: a scout titration used to determine the approximate amount of titrant needed followed by the actual titration that you will use to make your calculations.

The relative acidity (basicity) of an aqueous solution can be determined using the relative acid (base) equivalents. An acid equivalent is equal to one mole of H+ or H3O+ ions. Similarly, a base equivalent is equal to one mole of OH- ions. Keep in mind, some acids and bases are polyprotic, meaning each mole of the acid or base is capable of releasing more than one acid or base equivalent. When the solution of known concentration and the solution of unknown concentration are reacted to the point where the number of acid equivalents equals the number of base equivalents (or vice versa), the equivalence point is reached. The equivalence point of a strong acid or a strong base will occur at pH 7. For weak acids and bases, the equivalence point need not occur at pH 7. There will be several equivalence points for polyprotic acids and bases.How to Estimate the Equivalence Point

There are two common methods of estimating the equivalence

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