Oceanography
Autor: saracand • September 9, 2015 • Study Guide • 1,699 Words (7 Pages) • 641 Views
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- Marine Resources: Physical, Energetic(marine), Biological, Nonextractive. Physical=petrol, methane, sand/gravel. Energetic(marine)= wind, waves, current, tide. Biological=plants/animals. Non-extractive=transport of people/cargo/waste disposal.
- Renewable/Non-renewable=Naturally replaced/not naturally replaced-gas, oil
- Ancient Greeks-earth was sphere
Two Elements in Core: Iron and Nikle - Active Continental Margin: converging plates, High EQ or volcanic activity, pacific type margins
- Passive Continental Margin: Diverging plates, Little EQ or volcanic activity, atlantic type margins.
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- Hydrogen Bonds: form when the positive end of one water molecule bonds to a negative end of another water molecule. Hydrogen bonds give water its surface tension.
- PH levels: water= 7
- Pycnocline: The zone (between the surface zone and deep zone) and the ocean in which density increases rapidly with depth. T falls and S rises in this zone.
- Thermocline: the zone of the ocean in which T decreases rapidly with depth. (Colder water denser than warmer water)
- Halocline: The zone of the ocean in which S increases rapidly with depth. (more saline water denser than fresher water)
- Density of water: is a form of its temperature and salinity.
- Monsoons: the ITCZ moves farther away from the equator during the Northern summer due to north heavy arrangements of continents.
- Gyres: Circuit of mid-latitude currents around the periphery of an ocean basin.
- Five Gyres: N and S Atlantic, N and S Pacific Gyres, and Indian Ocean Gyre.
- Antarctic Circumpolar Current: The ACC is the largest current and technically not a gyre. It floats eastward around the Antarctica, powered by westerly winds and never deflected by a continent.
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- The west side is: narrow, deep, warm strong currents. East: shallow cold, weak currents.
- Upwelling: The upward motion of water. This motion brings cold, nutrient rich water towards the surface.
- Downwelling: is a downward motion of water. It supplies the deeper ocean with nutrients and dissolved gasses.
- Pynocline: can be a barrier for nutrients.
- Circulation: transport mass, affected by Coriolis, example: gyres.
- Waves: transfer energy, not affected by coriolis, example: stadium waves.
- Rogue Waves: Single massive wave that develops in the middle of the ocean
- Wind Strength: Wind must be moving faster than the wave crests for energy to transfer
- Wind Duration: wind that blows for a short time will not generate large waves
- Fetch: Uninterrupted distance over which wind blows without significant change in direction
- Tsumami: shallow water waves, free waves, triggered by seismic events, gravity is restoring force
- Tides: shallow water waves, forced waves, result from gravitational force between moon and sun, gravity is restoring force
- Spring tides: associated with full and new moons
- Semidiurnal tide: two high tides and two low tides
- Neap Tides: when sun, moon and earth align in a right angle.
- Diurnal Tides: occur once each lunar day; one high tide one low tide
- Mixed tides: various patter; west coast
- Amphidromic Point: No tide point means “around running”
- Three Domains of Life: domain bacteria, archaea, eukarya (with nucleus)
- Modern System of Biological Classification
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- Euphotic Zone: most of the biological productivity of the ocean occurs here. Upper layer of the photic zone, net photosynthesis gain occurs.
- Disphotic zone: below euphotic, it is the lower part of the photic zone, where there is insufficient light for photosynthesis
- Aphotic zone: below disphotic zone, the vast bulk of ocean where sunlight never reaches
- Pelagic Zone: subdivided into two zones: neritic zone, oceanic zone
- Neritic zone: near shore, over continental shelf
- Oceanic zone: beyond continental shelf- further divided into depth and light
- Plankton- drift of swim weakly, go where the currents take them, move vertically
- Nekton: swim actively
- Authotrophs: obtain energy from photosynthesis, organisms that make their own food, also called producers.
- Herterotrphs: obtain energy from feeding on phytoplankton or small zoo plankton, organisms that must consume other organisms for energy
- Tropic pyramid: a model that describes who eats whom
- Primary consumers: these organisms eat producers
- Secondary consumers: these organisms eat primary consumers
- Pelagic zone: open water
- Neritic zone: near shore over continental shelf
- Littoral zone: intertidal
- Sublittoral zone: beyond littoral zone
- Bathyl zone: slopes great depths
- Abyssal Zone: below bathyl zone
- Hadal zone: deepest.
- Cetacean: porpoises, dolphins, whales,
- Carnivore: seals, sea lions, walruses, sea otters
- Sirenia: manatees, dugon
- Seabirds: efficient flyers
- Autotrophs: are organisms that can make their own food by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis process. Include: Shrimp, crab, lobster
- Domains: bacteria, Achaea, Eukarya,
- Food web: a group of organisms associated by a complex web of feeding relationships
- Bacteriophiles: bacteria and archaea that live under extreme conditions
- Top consumer: tuna
- 2 sub-zones of the pelagic zone: Neritic and oceanic
- Cold seawater: a greater quantity of dissolved gasses can be held in cold water
- Nitrogen: nutrient that is more important for primary productivity
- Diatom: is the most dominant and most productive organism of the photosynthetic plankton. They are very efficient energy converters and store their energy in fatty acids
- Dinoflagellates: are responsible for harmful algal blooms, known as red tides
- Cocolithophores: are large, multicellular, heterotrophs
- Holoplankton: spent their whole life as plankton
- Carbon-hydrogen bonds of carbohydrates: In photosynthesis, the energy of sunlight rests in this
- Light: the limiting factor of productivity
- Filter Feeders: meaning that they have specialized structures they use to extract plankton out of the surrounding water.
- Pistol Shrimp: 60MPH
- Gills: are respiratory organs that extract dissolved oxygen from water and later excretes carbon dioxide.
- Ectotherms: create their own heat from metabolic processes
- Endotherms: use external heat to regulate body temperatures.
- the genus and species name: scientific name of an organism
- Seabird:Lay eggs on land, Have special salt-excluding glands, Have hollow bones and a long wingspan
- Krill: important animal on the food web in antartica
- Whale shark: eats plankton near the surface
- Pinniped: seals, sea lions and walruses
- Order: cetacean, pinnipedia, sirenia
- Schooling: the tendency of small fish of single species, size, and age to mass in groups
- Dessiccation: A physical challenge that high-intertidal organisms must adapt to
- Ahermatypic corals: are found in deep sea
- Algae: classified by photosynthetic pigment
- Multicellular algae: seaweeds
- Zooxanthellae: symbiotic dinoflagellates that live within coral tissue
- Coral reef: A linear mass of calcium carbonate assembled from coral organisms, algae, molluscs, worms, and so on
- Estuary: A body of water partially surrounded by land where freshwater from a river mixes with ocean water, creating an area remarkable biological productivity
- Sargassum: Spherical air bladders that keep small, leaf-like blades afloat near surface, Can float in huge patches offshore, Can provide shelter and food for many organisms
- Accessory pigment: assist with the absorption of light and transfer its energy to chlorophyll
- Chloropytes are green
- Paeophytes are brown (sargassum weed, rock weed, kelp forest)
- Benthic communities: coral reef, kelp forest, hydrothermal vent
- Mangroves: vascular plant that is successful in low, muddy coasts and subtropical areas
- Rhodophytes: are green
- Sessile: attached to the bottom
- Hermatypic corals=reef building corals
- Fringing reef: a reef that is one that clings to margin of the land
- Barrier reef: separated by a lagoon
- Atolls: ring shaped islands of coral reeds enclosing lagoons
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